Submitted on June 24, 2008
Revised on September 12, 2008
Accepted on September 12, 2008
Emerging Roles for the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System and Autophagy in Pancreatic 
-cells
Taila Hartley1, John H Brumell2, and Allen Volchuk1*
1 Toronto General Research Institute
2 University of Toronto
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: avolchuk{at}uhnres.utoronto.ca.
Protein degradation in eukaryotic cells is mediated primarily by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Turnover of protein aggregates and other cytoplasmic components, including organelles, is another function attributed to autophagy. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy are essential for normal cell function, but under certain pathological conditions can be overwhelmed, which can lead to adverse effects in cells. In this review we will focus primarily on the insulin producing pancreatic 
-cell. Pancreatic -cells respond to glucose levels by both producing and secreting insulin. The inability of -cells to secrete sufficient insulin is a major contributory factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this review is to examine some of the crucial roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy in normal pancreatic -cell function and how these pathways may become dysfunctional under pathological conditions associated with metabolic syndromes.
