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Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab (April 29, 2008). doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90281.2008
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Submitted on March 10, 2008
Revised on April 24, 2008
Accepted on April 25, 2008

Crosstalk Between GlcNAcylation and Phosphorylation: Roles in Insulin Resistance and Glucose Toxicity

Ronald J. Copeland1, John W. Bullen Jr.1, and Gerald W. Hart1*

1 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: gwhart{at}jhmi.edu.

O-linked-{beta}-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic post-translational modification that, analogous to phosphorylation, cycles on and off serine and/or threonine hydroxyl groups. Cycling of O-GlcNAc is regulated by the concerted actions of O-GlcNAc transferase and O-GlcNAcase. GlcNAcylation is a nutrient/stress sensitive modification that regulates proteins involved in a wide array of biological processes, including transcription, signaling, and metabolism. GlcNAcylation is involved in the etiology of glucose toxicity and chronic hyperglycemia induced insulin resistance, a major hallmark of Type II diabetes. Several reports demonstrate a strong positive correlation between GlcNAcylation and the development of insulin resistance. However, recent studies suggest that inhibiting GlcNAcylation does not prevent hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance, suggesting that other mechanisms must also be involved. To date, proteomic analyses have identified more than 600 GlcNAcylated proteins in diverse functional classes. However, O-GlcNAc sites have been mapped on only a small percentage (<15%) of these proteins, most of which were isolated from brain or spinal cord tissue and not from other metabolically relevant tissues. Mapping the sites of GlcNAcylation is not only necessary to elucidate the complex crosstalk between GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation, but also is key to the design of site-specific mutational studies, and necessary for the generation of site-specific antibodies, both of which will help further decipher O-GlcNAc's functional roles. Recent technical advances in O-GlcNAc site mapping methods should now finally allow for a much needed increase in site-specific analyses to address the functional significance of O-GlcNAc in insulin resistance, glucose toxicity as well as other major biological processes.




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