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Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 293: E1311-E1319, 2007. First published August 21, 2007; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00299.2007
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Accelerated endothelial dysfunction in mild prediabetic insulin resistance: the early role of reactive oxygen species

Edward R. Duncan,1 Simon J. Walker,1 Vivienne A. Ezzat,1 Stephen B. Wheatcroft,2 Jian-Mei Li,3 Ajay M. Shah,1 and Mark T. Kearney2

1The Cardiovascular Division, King's College London School of Medicine, King's College London, London; 3School of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of Surrey, Guilford; and 2The Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health, and Therapeutics, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom

Submitted 16 May 2007 ; accepted in final form 3 August 2007

Insulin resistance is well established as an independent risk factor for the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular atherosclerosis. Most studies have examined atherogenesis in models of severe insulin resistance or diabetes. However, by the time of diagnosis, individuals with type 2 diabetes already demonstrate a significant atheroma burden. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that, even in adolescence, insulin resistance is a progressive disorder that increases cardiovascular risk. In the present report, we studied early mechanisms of reduction in the bioavailability of the antiatheroscerotic molecule nitric oxide (NO) in very mild insulin resistance. Mice with haploinsufficiency for the insulin receptor (IRKO) are a model of mild insulin resistance with preserved glycemic control. We previously demonstrated that 2-mo-old (Young) IRKO mice have preserved vasorelaxation responses to ACh. This remained the case at 4 mo of age. However, by 6 mo, despite no significant deterioration in glucose homeostasis (Adult), IRKO mice had marked blunting of ACh-mediated vasorelaxation [IRKO maximum contraction response (Emax) 66 ± 5% vs. wild type 87 ± 4%, P < 0.01]. Despite the endothelial dysfunction demonstrated, aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) mRNA levels were similar in Adult IRKO and wild-type mice, and, interestingly, aortic eNOS protein levels were increased, suggesting a compensatory upregulation in the IRKO. We then examined the potential role of reactive oxygen species in mediating early endothelial dysfunction. The superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn(III)tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) porphyrin pentachloride (MnTMPyP) restored ACh relaxation responses in the Adult IRKO (Emax to ACh with MnTMPyP 85 ± 5%). Dihydroethidium fluorescence of aortas and isolated coronary microvascular endothelial cells confirmed a substantial increase in endothelium-derived reactive oxygen species in IRKO mice. These data demonstrate that mild insulin resistance is a potent substrate for accelerated endothelial dysfunction and support a role for endothelial cell superoxide production as a mechanism underlying the early reduction in NO bioavailability.

insulin resistance; endothelial function; superoxide; enos


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: M. Kearney, The Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health, and Therapeutics, The LIGHT Laboratories, Clarendon Way, Univ. of Leeds, LS2 9JT UK (e-mail: m.t.kearney{at}leeds.ac.uk)




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