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1 Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research, Departments of Pathology and Psychiatry, Wayne State University Scool of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jgranne{at}med.wayne.edu.
Electroporation has been recently adapted for the transfer of macromolecules into cells of
tissues in vivo. Although mature adipocytes constitute less than 20% of cells residing in adipose
tissue, we hypothesized that fat cells might be susceptible to selective electrotransfer of plasmid
DNA owing to their large size relative to other cells in the tissue. Results demonstrate the
feasibility of electroporating DNA into mature fat cells with greater than 99% selectively over
other cells in the tissue. Further experiments used the 'adiporation' technique to image the
subcellular targeting of fluorescent bioreporter molecules to the nucleus, mitochondria and lipid
droplets of adipocytes within intact adipose tissue. Finally, we utilized fluorescent bioreporters
to examine the effects of constitutive activation of the 
-adrenergic signaling pathway in
adipocytes. These results demonstrate that overexpression of rat 1-adrenergic receptors alters
the cellular morphology of white adipocytes in a fashion that mimics the effects of systemic
infusion of 3-adrenergic receptor agonists. Hallmarks of the altered morphology include
pronounced fragmentation of the single lipid droplet, repositioning of the nucleus and induction
of mitochondrial biogenesis. These results indicate that activation of -adrenergic signaling
within adipocytes is sufficient to induce a phenotype that resembles typical brown adipocytes,
and suggest that in vivo electroporation will allow molecular dissection of the mechanisms
involved.
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