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1 School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VICTORIA, Australia
2 School of Health Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, VICTORIA, Australia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: john.hawley{at}rmit.edu.
Changes in dietary macronutrient intake alter muscle and blood substrate availability and are important for regulating gene expression. However, few studies have examined the effects of diet manipulation on gene expression in human skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to quantify the extent to which altering substrate availability impacts on subsequent mRNA abundance of a subset of carbohydrate- and fat-related genes. Seven subjects consumed either a low- (LOW; 0.7 g.kg-1 BM CHO) or high (HIGH; 10 g.kg-1 BM CHO) carbohydrate diet for 48 h after performing an exhaustive exercise bout to deplete muscle glycogen stores. Following intervention, resting muscle and blood samples were taken. Muscle was analyzed for the gene abundances of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), glycogenin, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4), fatty-acid translocase (FAT/CD36), carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I (CPT-I), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), 
-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase (-HAD), and uncoupling binding protein 3 (UCP3); and blood samples for [glucose], [insulin] and free fatty acid [FFA]. Glycogen depleting exercise and HIGH-CHO resulted in a 300% increase in muscle glycogen content (P <0.001) relative to the LOW-CHO condition. [FFA] were two-fold higher after LOW- vs. HIGH-CHO (P <0.05). The exercise-diet manipulation exerted a significant effect on transcription of all carbohydrate-related genes, with an increase in GLUT-4 and glycogenin mRNA abundance and a reduction in PDK4 transcription after HIGH-CHO (all P <0.05). FAT/CD36 (P <0.05) and UCP3 (P <0.01) gene transcription were increased following LOW-CHO. We conclude 1) there was a rapid capacity for a short-term exercise and diet intervention to exert coordinated changes in the mRNA transcription of metabolic-related genes, and 2) genes involved in glucose regulation are increased following a high-carbohydrate diet.
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