Evidence for important roles of the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite in diabetic complications is emerging. We evaluated the role of peroxynitrite in early peripheral neuropathy and vascular dysfunction in STZ-diabetic rats. In the first dose-finding study, control and STZ-diabetic rats were maintained with or without the potent peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst Fe(III)tetrakis-2-(N-triethylene glycol monomethyl ether) pyridyl porphyrin (FP15) at 3, 5 or 10 mg kg^-1 d^-1, in the drinking water, for 4 weeks after an initial 2 weeks without treatment, for assessment of early neuropathy. In the second study with similar experimental design, control and STZ-diabetic rats were maintained with or without FP15, 5 mgkg^-1d^-1, for vascular studies. Rats with 6-week duration of diabetes developed motor and sensory nerve conduction velocity deficits, mechanical hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia, in the absence of small sensory nerve fiber degeneration. They also had increased nitrotyrosine and poly(ADP-ribose) immunofluorescence in the sciatic nerve and dorsal root ganglia. All these variables were dose-dependently corrected by FP15, with minimal differences between the 5 and 10 mgkg^-1d^-1 doses. FP15, 5 mgkg^-1d^-1, also corrected endoneurial nutritive blood flow, and nitrotyrosine, but not superoxide, fluorescence in aorta and epineurial arterioles. Diabetes-induced decreases in acetylcholine-mediated relaxation by epineurial arterioles, coronary and mesenteric arteries, as well as bradykinin-induced relaxation by coronary and mesenteric arteries were alleviated by FP15 treatment. The findings reveal the important role of nitrosative stress in early neuropathy and vasculopathy, and provide rationale for further studies of peroxynitrite decomposition catalysts in long-term diabetic models.