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Articles in PresS, published online ahead of print November 20, 2001
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 10.1152/ajpendo.00445.2001
Submitted on October 3, 2001
Accepted on October 23, 2001
1 Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Research Institute for Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany
2 Children's Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
3 Institute of Physiology, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
4 Research Institute for Child Nutrition, Dortmund, Germany
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: chneu{at}compuserve.com.
Despite its fundamental importance for physical development, the growth of the muscle system has received relatively little consideration. In this study we analyze the relationship between cross-sectional area (CSA)of forearm muscles and maximal isometric grip force with age and pubertal stage. The study population comprised 366 children, adolescents and young adults from 6 to 23 years of age (185 female)and 107 adults (88 females) aged 29 to 40 years. Using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (Stratec XCT-200), muscle CSA was determined at the site of the forearm whose distance to the ulnar styloid process corresponded to 65% of forearm length. Both muscle CSA and grip force were higher in prepubertal boys and in girls. The gender-differences decreased until pubertal stage 3 and re-increased thereafter. In girls at pubertal stage 5, muscle CSA did no longer increase with age (P>0.4), while there was still some age-related increase in grip force(P=0.02). In boys at pubertal stage 5, both muscle CSA and grip force continued to increase significantly with age (P<0.005 each). Specific grip force (grip force per muscle CSA) adjusted for forearm length increased by almost one half between 6 and 20 years of age, with no difference between the genders. In conclusion, forearm muscle growth takes a gender-specific course during puberty, indicating that it is influenced by hormonal changes. However, the increase in specific grip force is similar in both genders and thus appears to be independent of sex hormones.
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