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1 Department of Human Biology, Nutrition Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
2 School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
3 Numico Research B. V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
4 Department of Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
5 Department of Human Biology, Nutrition Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Movement Sciences, NUTRIM, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: R.Koopman{at}HB.unimaas.nl.
The present study was designed to determine post-exercise muscle protein synthesis and whole-body protein balance following the combined ingestion of carbohydrate with or without protein and/or free leucine. Eight male subjects were randomly assigned to 3 trials in which they consumed drinks containing either carbohydrate (CHO), carbohydrate and protein (CHO+PRO), or carbohydrate, protein and free leucine (CHO+PRO+leu) following 45 min of resistance exercise. A primed, continuous infusion of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine was applied, with blood samples and muscle biopsies collected to assess fractional synthetic rate (FSR) in the m. vastus lateralis as well as whole-body protein turnover during 6 h of post-exercise recovery. Plasma insulin response was higher in the CHO+PRO+leu compared to the CHO and CHO+PRO trials (+240±19% and +77±11%, respectively, P<0.05). Whole-body protein breakdown rates were lower, and whole-body protein synthesis rates were higher in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+leu trials compared to the CHO trial (P<0.05). Addition of leucine in the CHO+PRO+leu trial resulted in a lower protein oxidation rate compared to the CHO+PRO trial. Protein balance was negative during recovery in the CHO trial, but positive in the CHO+PRO and CHO+PRO+leu trials. In the CHO+PRO+leu trial, whole-body net protein balance was significantly greater compared to values observed in the CHO+PRO and CHO trials (P<0.05). Mixed muscle FSR, measured over a 6h period of post-exercise recovery, was significantly greater in the CHO+PRO+leu trial compared to the CHO trial (0.095±0.006 %.h-1 vs. 0.061±0.008 %.h-1, respectively; P<0.05), with intermediate values observed in the CHO+PRO trial (0.0820 ± 0.0104 %.h-1). We conclude that the co-ingestion of protein and leucine stimulates muscle protein synthesis and optimizes whole-body protein balance when compared to the intake of carbohydrate only.
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