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1 Department of Physical Therapy, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
3 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: stwarden{at}iupui.edu.
Females are at greater risk of tearing their knee anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) than males participating in similar athletic activities. There is currently no conclusive explanation for this disparity; however, as ACL injuries in females have been linked with estrogen fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, one hypothesis is that estrogen has a direct detrimental effect on knee ligament mechanical properties. This study investigated the influence of estrogen and its receptors (ER
and ER
) on knee ligament mechanical properties. This was achieved by testing the viscoelastic and tensile mechanical properties of knee medial collateral ligaments (MCLs) and ACLs from: 1) male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with either estrogen (17-ethynylestradiol; 0.03 mg/kg) or an ER-specific agonist (propyl pyrazole triol; 2 mg/kg), and 2) female mice with a null mutation of the gene encoding for ER. Estrogen treatment had no significant effects on the viscoelastic or tensile mechanical properties of the rat MCL or ACL. Similarly, pharmacological stimulation of ER using a selective agonist in rats and genetic modulation of ER by null mutation of its gene in mice did not influence MCL or ACL properties. These data indicate that estrogen does not have a major direct effect on ligament mechanical properties. Energies for the prevention of the disproportionately high rate of knee ligament injuries in females may be better spent focusing on more established and modifiable risk factors, such as abnormalities in neuromuscular control about the knee.
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