The common hepatic branch of the vagus nerve negatively regulates lard intake in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced, insulin-dependent diabetes. However, this branch consists of two sub-branches, the hepatic branch proper, which serves the liver and the gastroduodenal branch, which serves the distal stomach, pancreas and duodenum. The aim of this study was to determine if the gastroduodenal branch specifically regulates voluntary lard intake. We performed a gastroduodenal branch vagotomy (GV) on non-diabetic, STZ-diabetic and STZ-diabetic, insulin treated groups of rats and compared them to sham operated counterparts. All rats had high steady-state corticosterone levels to maximize lard intake. Five days after surgery, all rats were provided with the choice of chow or lard to eat for another five days. STZ-diabetes resulted in a reduction in lard intake that was partially rescued by either GV or insulin replacement. Patterns of white adipose tissue (WAT) deposition differed after GV- and insulin-induced lard intake, with subcutaneous WAT increasing exclusively after the former and mesenteric WAT increasing exclusively in the latter. GV also prevented the insulin-induced reduction in the STZ-elevated plasma glucagon, triglycerides, free fatty acids and total ketone bodies, but did not alter the effect of insulin-induced reduction of plasma glucose levels. These data suggest the gastroduodenal branch of the vagus inhibits lard intake and regulates WAT deposition and plasma metabolite levels in STZ-diabetic rats.