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protein expression in rat epitrochlearis and soleus muscle
1 Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Division of Health Promotion and Exercise, Incorporated Administrative Agency National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
2 Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Division of Health Promotion and Exercise, Incorporated Administrative Agency National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: tabata{at}nih.go.jp.
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying low-intensity-exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 
coactivator-1 
(PGC-1) protein expression in rat skeletal muscles. Rats (5-6-week-old) swam without a load and ran on the treadmill at a speed of 13m/min, respectively, in two 3-h sessions separated by 45 min of rest. PGC-1 content in epitrochlearis muscle (EPI) was increased by 75 % and 95 %, immediately and 6-h post- swimming, respectively, with no increase in PGC-1
content in the soleus (SOL). After running, PGC-1 content in EPI was unchanged, while a 107 % increase in PGC-1 content was observed in SOL 6-h post-running. Furthermore, in EPI and SOL as well as other muscles
(triceps, plantaris, red and white gastrocnemius), PGC-1 expression was enhanced concomitant with reduced glycogen post-exercise, suggesting that expression of PGC-1 occurs in skeletal muscle recruited during exercise. PGC-1 content in EPI was increased after 18-h in vitro incubation with 0.5 mM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and 4
mM caffeine. However, AICAR incubation did not affect PGC-1 content in the SOL, while PGC-1 content in the SOL was increased after caffeine incubation. These results suggest that exercise-induced PGC-1 expression in skeletal muscle may be mediated by at least two exercise-induced signaling factors: AMPK activation and Ca2+ elevation. The number of factors involved
(both AMPK and Ca2+, or Ca2+ only) in exercise-induced PGC-1 expression may differ among muscles.
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