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Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 295: E456-E462, 2008. First published June 17, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00015.2008
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Direct evidence of iNOS-mediated in vivo free radical production and protein oxidation in acetone-induced ketosis

Krisztian Stadler,1 Marcelo G. Bonini,1 Shannon Dallas,1 Danielle Duma,2 Ronald P. Mason,1 and Maria B. Kadiiska1

1Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, 2Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Submitted 8 January 2008 ; accepted in final form 5 June 2008

Diabetic patients frequently encounter ketosis that is characterized by the breakdown of lipids with the consequent accumulation of ketone bodies. Several studies have demonstrated that reactive species are likely to induce tissue damage in diabetes, but the role of the ketone bodies in the process has not been fully investigated. In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy combined with novel spin-trapping and immunological techniques has been used to investigate in vivo free radical formation in a murine model of acetone-induced ketosis. A six-line EPR spectrum consistent with the {alpha}-(4-pyridyl-1-oxide)-N-t-butylnitrone radical adduct of a carbon-centered lipid-derived radical was detected in the liver extracts. To investigate the possible enzymatic source of these radicals, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase knockout mice were used. Free radical production was unchanged in the NADPH oxidase knockout but much decreased in the iNOS knockout mice, suggesting a role for iNOS in free radical production. Longer-term exposure to acetone revealed iNOS overexpression in the liver together with protein radical formation, which was detected by confocal microscopy and a novel immunospin-trapping method. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed enhanced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation as a consequence of persistent free radical generation after 21 days of acetone treatment in control and NADPH oxidase knockout but not in iNOS knockout mice. Taken together, our data demonstrate that acetone administration, a model of ketosis, can lead to protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation through a free radical-dependent mechanism driven mainly by iNOS overexpression.

inducible nitric oxide synthase; acetone; free radicals; electron paramagnetic resonance


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: K. Stadler, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233 MD F0-02, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (email: stadlerk{at}niehs.nih.gov)






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