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This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) All Versions of this Article: 293/3/E857    most recent 00283.2007v1 Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Citation Map Services Email this article to a friend Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in ISI Web of Science Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Matveyenko, A. V. Articles by Donovan, C. M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Matveyenko, A. V. Articles by Donovan, C. M.

Portal vein hypoglycemia is essential for full induction of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure with slow-onset hypoglycemia

Departments of Kinesiology and Integrative and Evolutionary Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California

Submitted 4 May 2007 ; accepted in final form 16 July 2007

Antecedent hypoglycemia leads to impaired counterregulation and hypoglycemic unawareness. To ascertain whether antecedent portal vein hypoglycemia impairs portal vein glucose sensing, thereby inducing counterregulatory failure, we compared the effects of antecedent hypoglycemia, with and without normalization of portal vein glycemia, upon the counterregulatory response to subsequent hypoglycemia. Male Wistar rats were chronically cannulated in the carotid artery (sampling), jugular vein (glucose and insulin infusion), and mesenteric vein (glucose infusion). On day 1, the following three distinct antecedent protocols were employed: 1) HYPO-HYPO: systemic hypoglycemia (2.52 ± 0.11 mM); 2) HYPO-EUG: systemic hypoglycemia (2.70 ± 0.03 mM) with normalization of portal vein glycemia (portal vein glucose = 5.86 ± 0.10 mM); and 3) EUG-EUG: systemic euglycemia (6.33 ± 0.31 mM). On day 2, all groups underwent a hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp in which the fall in glycemia was controlled so as to reach the nadir (2.34 ± 0.04 mM) by minute 75. Counterregulatory hormone responses were measured at basal (–30 and 0) and during hypoglycemia (60–105 min). Compared with EUG-EUG, antecedent hypoglycemia (HYPO-HYPO) significantly blunted the peak epinephrine (10.44 ± 1.35 vs. 15.75 ± 1.33 nM: P = 0.01) and glucagon (341 ± 16 vs. 597 ± 82 pg/ml: P = 0.03) responses to next-day hypoglycemia. Normalization of portal glycemia during systemic hypoglycemia on day 1 (HYPO-EUG) prevented blunting of the peak epinephrine (15.59 ± 1.43 vs. 15.75 ± 1.33 nM: P = 0.94) and glucagon (523 ± 169 vs. 597 ± 82 pg/ml: P = 0.66) responses to day 2 hypoglycemia. Consistent with hormonal responses, the glucose infusion rate during day 2 hypoglycemia was substantially elevated in HYPO-HYPO (74 ± 12 vs. 49 ± 4 µmol·kg^–1·min^–1; P = 0.03) but not HYPO-EUG (39 ± 7 vs. 49 ± 4 µmol·kg^–1·min^–1: P = 0.36). Antecedent hypoglycemia local to the portal vein is required for the full induction of hypoglycemia-associated counterregulatory failure with slow-onset hypoglycemia.

glucose sensor; sympathoadrenal; counterregulation