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1Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes M, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Sygehus, and Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus; 2Copenhagen Muscle Research Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; and 3Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
Submitted 11 January 2005 ; accepted in final form 12 December 2005
First-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients (offspring) are often characterized by insulin resistance and reduced physical fitness (
O2 max). We determined the response of healthy first-degree relatives to a standardized 10-wk exercise program compared with an age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched control group. Improvements in O2 max (14.1 ± 11.3 and 16.1 ± 14.2%; both P < 0.001) and insulin sensitivity (0.6 ± 1.4 and 1.0 ± 2.1 mg·kg–1·min–1; both P < 0.05) were comparable in offspring and control subjects. However, O2 max and insulin sensitivity in offspring were not related at baseline as in the controls (r = 0.009, P = 0.96 vs. r = 0.67, P = 0.002). Likewise, in offspring, exercise-induced changes in O2 max did not correlate with changes in insulin sensitivity as opposed to controls (r = 0.06, P = 0.76 vs. r = 0.57, P = 0.01). Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity tended to be lower in offspring at baseline but improved equally in both offspring and controls in response to exercise training (
citrate synthase enzyme activity 26 vs. 20%, and cyclooxygenase enzyme activity 25 vs. 23%. Skeletal muscle fiber morphology and capillary density were comparable between groups at baseline and did not change significantly with exercise training. In conclusion, this study shows that first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients respond normally to endurance exercise in terms of changes in O2 max and insulin sensitivity. However, the lack of a correlation between the O2 max and insulin sensitivity in the first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetic patients indicates that skeletal muscle adaptations are dissociated from the improvement in O2 max. This could indicate that, in first-degree relatives, improvement of insulin sensitivity is dissociated from muscle mitochondrial functions.
insulin resistance; exercise; skeletal muscle; oxidative capacity
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