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protein expression in rat epitrochlearis and soleus muscle
1Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Division of Health Promotion and Exercise, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, Shinjuku City, Tokyo 162-8636; and 2Department of Sports Sciences, School of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa City, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
Submitted 5 February 2003 ; accepted in final form 29 September 2003
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms underlying low-intensity exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-
coactivator-1
(PGC-1) protein expression in rat skeletal muscles. Rats (5–6 wk old) swam without a load and ran on the treadmill at a speed of 13 m/min, respectively, in two 3-h sessions separated by 45 min of rest. PGC-1 content in epitrochlearis muscle (EPI) was increased by 75 and 95%, immediately and 6 h after swimming, respectively, with no increase in PGC-1 content in the soleus (SOL). After running, PGC-1 content in EPI was unchanged, whereas a 107% increase in PGC-1 content was observed in SOL 6 h after running. Furthermore, in EPI and SOL as well as other muscles (triceps, plantaris, red and white gastrocnemius), PGC-1 expression was enhanced concomitant with reduced glycogen postexercise, suggesting that expression of PGC-1 occurs in skeletal muscle recruited during exercise. PGC-1 content in EPI was increased after 18-h in vitro incubation with 0.5 mM 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR) and 4 mM caffeine. However, AICAR incubation did not affect PGC-1 content in the SOL, whereas caffeine incubation increased it. These results suggest that exercise-induced PGC-1 expression in skeletal muscle may be mediated by at least two exercise-induced signaling factors: AMPK activation and Ca2+ elevation. The number of factors involved (both AMPK and Ca2+, or Ca2+ only) in exercise-induced PGC-1 expression may differ among muscles.
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1; adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; calcium; 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside; caffeine; low-intensity exercise
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