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Na⁺-dependent transport of large neutral amino acids occurs at the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier

Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Finch University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064

Submitted 28 April 2003 ; accepted in final form 18 August 2003

Several Na⁺-dependent carriers of amino acids exist on the abluminal membrane of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These Na⁺-dependent carriers are in a position to transfer amino acids from the extracellular fluid of brain to the endothelial cells and thence to the circulation. To date, carriers have been found that may remove nonessential, nitrogen-rich, or acidic (excitatory) amino acids, all of which may be detrimental to brain function. We describe here Na⁺-dependent transport of large neutral amino acids across the abluminal membrane of the BBB that cannot be ascribed to currently known systems. Fresh brains, from cows killed for food, were used. Microvessels were isolated, and contaminating fragments of basement membranes, astrocyte fragments, and pericytes were removed. Abluminal-enriched membrane fractions from these microvessels were prepared. Transport was Na⁺ dependent, voltage sensitive, and inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid, a particular inhibitor of the facilitative large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) system. The carrier has a high affinity for leucine (K_m 21 ± 7 µM) and is inhibited by other neutral amino acids, including glutamine, histidine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, and tyrosine. Other established neutral amino acids may enter the brain by way of LAT1-type facilitative transport. The presence of a Na⁺-dependent carrier on the abluminal membrane capable of removing large neutral amino acids, most of which are essential, from brain indicates a more complex situation that has implications for the control of essential amino acid content of brain.

active transport; brain extracellular fluid; capillaries; endothelial cells; essential amino acids

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