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Department of 1 Human Biology and 2 Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; and 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
Human and rodent uncoupling
protein (UCP)3 mRNA is upregulated after acute exercise. Moreover,
exercise increases plasma levels of free fatty acid (FFA), which are
also known to upregulate UCP3. We investigated whether the upregulation
of UCP3 after exercise is an effect of exercise per se or an effect of
FFA levels or substrate oxidation. Seven healthy untrained men [age:
22.7 ± 0.6 yr; body mass index: 23.8 ± 1.0 kg/m2; maximal O2 uptake
(
O2 max): 3,852 ± 211 ml/min]
exercised at 50% O2 max for 2 h
and then rested for 4 h. Muscle biopsies and blood samples were
taken before and immediately after 2 h of exercise and 1 and
4 h in the postexercise period. To modulate plasma FFA levels and
fat/glucose oxidation, the experiment was performed two times, one time
with glucose ingestion and one time while fasting. UCP3 mRNA and UCP3
protein were determined by RT-competitive PCR and Western blot. In the
fasted state, plasma FFA levels significantly increased
(P < 0.0001) during exercise (293 ± 25 vs.
1,050 ± 127 µmol/l), whereas they were unchanged after glucose
ingestion (335 ± 54 vs. 392 ± 74 µmol/l). Also, fat
oxidation was higher after fasting (P < 0.05), whereas
glucose oxidation was higher after glucose ingestion (P < 0.05). In the fasted state, UCP3L mRNA expression was increased
significantly (P < 0.05) 4 h after exercise (4.6 ± 1.2 vs. 9.6 ± 3.3 amol/µg RNA). This increase in
UCP3L mRNA expression was prevented by glucose ingestion. Acute
exercise had no effect on UCP3 protein levels. In conclusion, we found that acute exercise had no direct effect on UCP3 mRNA expression. Abolishing the commonly observed increase in plasma FFA levels and/or
fatty acid oxidation during and after exercise prevents the
upregulation of UCP3 after acute exercise. Therefore, the previously
observed increase in UCP3 expression appears to be an effect of
prolonged elevation of plasma FFA levels and/or increased fatty acid oxidation.
fat oxidation; uncoupling protein; fatty acids; mitochondria
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