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1 Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, 2 Metabolic Research Laboratory, and 3 Department of Histology and Pathology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
The ability to ensure
continous availability of energy despite highly variable supplies in
the environment is a major determinant of the survival of all species.
In higher organisms, including mammals, the capacity to efficiently
store excess energy as triglycerides in adipocytes, from which stored
energy could be rapidly released for use at other sites, was developed.
To orchestrate the processes of energy storage and release, highly
integrated systems operating on several physiological levels have
evolved. The adipocyte is no longer considered a passive bystander,
because fat cells actively secrete many members of the cytokine family,
such as leptin, tumor necrosis factor-
, and interleukin-6, among
other cytokine signals, which influence peripheral fuel storage,
mobilization, and combustion, as well as energy homeostasis. The
existence of a network of adipose tissue signaling pathways, arranged
in a hierarchical fashion, constitutes a metabolic repertoire that
enables the organism to adapt to a wide range of different metabolic
challenges, such as starvation, stress, infection, and short periods of
gross energy excess.
leptin; tumor necrosis factor-; interleukins; obesity; insulin
resistance
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