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1 Department of Medical Physiology, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen N; Departments of 4 Clinical Physiology and 3 Urology, Bispebjerg Hospital, DK-2400 Copenhagen NV; and 2 The Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Rigshospitalet, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
Training increases insulin
sensitivity of both whole body and muscle in humans. To investigate
whether training also increases insulin sensitivity of adipose tissue,
we performed a three-step hyperinsulinemic, euglycemic clamp in eight
endurance-trained (T) and eight sedentary (S) young men [insulin
infusion rates: 10,000 (step I), 20,000 (step
II), and 150,000 (step III) µU · min
1 · m2]. Glucose and glycerol
concentrations were measured in arterial blood and also by
microdialysis in interstitial fluid in periumbilical, subcutaneous
adipose tissue and in quadriceps femoris muscle (glucose only). Adipose
tissue blood flow was measured by 133Xe washout. In the
basal state, adipose tissue blood flow tended to be higher in T
compared with S subjects, and in both groups blood flow was constant
during the clamp. The change from basal in arterial-interstitial
glucose concentration difference was increased in T during the clamp
but not in S subjects in both adipose tissue and muscle [adipose
tissue: step I (n = 8), 0.48 ± 0.18 mM
(T), 0.23 ± 0.11 mM (S); step II (n = 8), 0.19 ± 0.09 (T), 
0.09 ± 0.24 (S); step III
(n = 5), 0.47 ± 0.24 (T), 0.06 ± 0.28 (S);
(T: P < 0.001, S: P > 0.05); muscle:
step I (n = 4), 1.40 ± 0.46 (T),
0.31 ± 0.21 (S); step II (n = 4),
1.14 ± 0.54 (T), 0.08 ± 0.14 (S); step III
(n = 4), 1.23 ± 0.34 (T), 0.24 ± 0.09 (S);
(T: P < 0.01, S: P > 0.05)].
Interstitial glycerol concentration decreased faster in T than in S
subjects [half-time: T, 44 ± 9 min (n = 7); S,
102 ± 23 min (n = 5); P < 0.05]. In conclusion, training enhances insulin sensitivity of glucose
uptake in subcutaneous adipose tissue and in skeletal muscle.
Furthermore, interstitial glycerol data suggest that training also
increases insulin sensitivity of lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose
tissue. Insulin per se does not influence subcutaneous adipose tissue blood flow.
microdialysis; blood flow; glycerol; skeletal muscle; exertion
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