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1 Department of Medicine, Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025; 2 Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Research in Extramural Medicine, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and 3 Clinical Nutrition Program, Center for Population Health, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131
Skeletal muscle loss or sarcopenia in aging has been suggested in
cross-sectional studies but has not been shown in elderly subjects
using appropriate measurement techniques combined with a longitudinal
study design. Longitudinal skeletal muscle mass changes after age 60 yr
were investigated in independently living, healthy men
(n = 24) and women (n = 54; mean age 73 yr) with a mean ± SD follow-up time of 4.7 ± 2.3 yr.
Measurements included regional skeletal muscle mass, four additional
lean components (fat-free body mass, body cell mass, total body water,
and bone mineral), and total body fat. Total appendicular skeletal
muscle (TSM) mass decreased in men (
0.8 ± 1.2 kg,
P = 0.002), consisting of leg skeletal muscle (LSM)
loss (0.7 ± 0.8 kg, P = 0.001) and a trend
toward loss of arm skeletal muscle (ASM; 0.2 ± 0.4 kg, P = 0.06). In women, TSM mass decreased (0.4 ± 1.2 kg, P = 0.006) and consisted of LSM loss
(0.3 ± 0.8 kg, P = 0.005) and a tendency for a
loss of ASM (0.1 ± 0.6 kg, P = 0.20). Multiple
regression modeling indicates greater rates of LSM loss in men. Body
weight in men at follow-up did not change significantly (0.5 ± 3.0 kg, P = 0.44) and fat mass increased (+1.2 ± 2.4 kg, P = 0.03). Body weight and fat mass in women
were nonsignificantly reduced (0.8 ± 3.9 kg, P = 0.15 and 0.8 ± 3.5 kg, P = 0.12). These
observations suggest that sarcopenia is a progressive process,
particularly in elderly men, and occurs even in healthy independently
living older adults who may not manifest weight loss.
aging; body composition; skeletal muscle mass; longitudinal study
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