ARTICLES

Dominant-subordinate relationships in castrated male mice bearing testosterone implants

This study tested the hypothesis that subordination in male mice is directly related to reduced levels of circulating testosterone. Several measures of aggressiveness and submissiveness were quantified during or after daily encounters between pairs of intact males, castrated males, or castrated males bearing testosterone implants that were designed to maintain plasma testosterone titers at levels slightly above those of intact males. Behavioral measures included the total amount of fighting that resulted from daily pairing, the tendency for subordinates to fight back, and the relative frequency of urine marking. In all these regards, pairs of testosterone-implanted, castrated males formed dominant-subordinate relationships that involved apparently normal submissive behavior (compared to intact control pairs). Thus we found no evidence that submissive behavior was directly related to a reduction in circulating testosterone titers.